Canadian Liability Insurance, Tax, Deductible

PACKAGING All those objects or wrappers that protect products such as boxes, bottles, papers and bags.

can be of different materials such as glass, cardboard, plastic, aluminum, alloys of various metals and wood. The product will depend on the material or content must be kept inside.

There are thousands of packages so just watch the shelves of supermarkets and you will notice the great number and variety of these. Features

container
PROTECT, PRESERVE, INCLUDE, easy storage, ATTRACT THE ATTENTION OF THE USER.
INFORMATION TO BE CONTAINED IN PACKAGING:

Every container or package may contain two levels of information.



1. INFORMATION MUST BE DETERMINED BY THE LAW OF PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF CONSUMERS IN CHILE (LAW 19,496.)

Example:
- Logo product.

- Logo of the company that manufactures or her name.

- Registration. EJ. "ISP No. 26,103"

- License (if applicable) EJ. "Revlon Group Under license from NY, USA"

- Name and address of the company that manufactures it. EJ.: "Made in Chile by Laboratorios Davis SA - Av birdies No. 6366, Santiago."

- Summary product with its main features.

- Content of product.

- Length: Date of Manufacture and Expiration.

- Warnings

- Description of the instruction manual.

- Barcode.

- Quantity of the product. EJ.: "210 ml."

- Nutritional Information (If a food)

- Instructions.

- Signs for textiles where


2. Aggregated information that is not strictly INPRESCENDIBLE BUT HAS GREAT IMPORTANCE IN THE PRODUCT RECONOCIMIETNO. PACKAGING





are all objects that can transport and store the packaged products.

are usually corrugated cardboard boxes with Styrofoam or wood where the products ordered and organized the best way possible. Thus, they avoid chafing, dents or breaks.

Packaging: one of the most important functions of packaging is to protect the object when it is moved, either from the production floor to warehouse or store, or another country. In ceramic or glass objects, which are delicate, the packing must be special and fulfilling the function of protecting the subject of falls and blows, eg

commonly leads packaging print advertising, but instructions on handling your

, property, transport or stack, which contains object ID and the recipient.

Another function of packaging is to facilitate and protect the object for storage, for this long after packaging products are also packed.

MARKETING Marketing is planning and executing the development, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas and services to create exchanges that satisfy goals of individuals and organizations. These activities ensure that products of interest to consumers are sold the price they are willing to pay and provide them information about their characteristics and availability.

Companies need to prepare and maintain a marketing strategy, a plan of action for development, pricing, distribution and promotion of products that meet specific customer needs
ADVERTISING

is one of the elements also called marketing promotion.

Today, advertising plays an important role in the development of any economic activity, is the means by which consumers can meet the technological products that are offered. At the same time can meet some of the advances in technology that will pay benefits and materials are made of products. In general
advertising's main objective is to persuade consumers to buy a particular product.
Elements
communication and advertising are the sender, the message, and receiver.

There are two types of issuers producers of goods or services that produce the product and the intermediaries who carry out sales promotion and product distribution.

There are two types of messages, primary demand that promotes a general class of products without mentioning brand names.

promotes selective demand specific brand.

DEMAND PRIMARY









DEMAND SELECTIVE






;



There are three types of receptors, direct consumer product manufacturers san a material for manufacturing another product, industrial brokers, companies that are responsible for supplying to other companies of different materials for production. CAMPAIGN



An advertising campaign consists of various elements that combine communication advertising under the same idea to publicize a product and its features to the user or customer.

is a bridge between supply and demand. It is also important to distinguish advertising from propaganda.

The first is a commercial purpose, selling products, but the propaganda is intended to convey messages ideological, religious, political, campaigns to promote good things. etc.

advertisement












PROPAGANDA







;

Styles advertising advertising messages may adopt different styles, which are presented below:

• Identification with life show one or more people using the product in an everyday moment

Example: commercial TV. the family who is taking over lunch
Andean juice • Lifestyle: when the product is identified with a lifestyle.

Example: Light a milk advertisement that shows young people doing sport.
• Fantasia: create a new world or unreal situation

Example: the world and pap bilz

• Musical: use a catchy song (jingle)

Example: GASCO eoooo hot, hot hoa GASCO
• Personification: create character that embodies the product.

Example: BCI monkeys, puppy
Lipigas
• Technical expertise: show the workmanship highlighting the qualities of the company in this process or the ingredients in highlighting the importance of those ingredients in the product quality

Example: beer glass when manufacturing show
• Testimonial: shows any public or common character commenting on the product.

Example: speaking of the sublime mayonnaise, Jorge Zabaleta.
• Scientific evidence: a comparison of similar products occasionally show an institution that certifies quality.

Example: Comparing two toothpastes, Colgate and another, and certifies an institution. Advertising elements
communication


• Product Brand Slogan


•


• Logo • Container or wrapping

• • Propaganda Poster

radio or television



• Brochure • Printed
magazine and newspaper Internet

• Notices • Notices menders




• Etc. identity of a product or company
Each company has a brand, this is a set of concepts, ideas of the same products, names, acronyms etc.

The brand needs a graphical brand products, the brand graphic is made up of a logo and


isotype Isotype: the image is created to identify the brand, these can be

• Antibodies associative: they are images that are directly related to the mark

Example:
directly related to the puma brand puma (the same word )

the tree directly related to the mark CONAF

alluding Antibodies: refer to an element related to the product, either by force, purity, etc. Are less direct.

Example:

energy indicates that cereals are

Isotype

abstract: they are most used today are more universal because the same brand can be used both in perfumes such as clothing or shoes.

Example:

irregular lines

THE 3

LOGO: is the brand name written in a more attractive. A key element is the font that is used as each communicates a message. There are logos that are the signature of the owner of the mark also.

There

figure name and logos are those that have been framed in a simple visual figure is like that blend the logo with the isotype.


Example:

SLOGAN: phrase that characterizes a specific product brand

Example: VICHY


"HEALTH SKIN also involves"

Elite

"Maximum softness" ADVERTISING MEDIA



All these elements can be found in various advertising media or media that enable the dissemination of advertising.

These media can be classified into external, massive and direct. each of these media can use different types of items
advertising

;

EXTERNAL: all elements to communicate messages that are in our external environment, such as streets, roads, transport, public transportation, whereabouts, etc..

MASS: all elements of mass communication, which can reach the message to many people at the same time, as is the TV. Newspapers, Internet etc.. DIRECT

are those elements of communication that reach people individually, as a phone call to offer a new product, direct sales of products from catalogs by a counselor, or the promoters of a supermarket, the girl that gives you flyers on the street etc.


ACTIVITIES:

TIME: 3 CLASS 1, CLASS


• Read, analyze and comment on the contents of this unit of distribution. Find more examples of content. Ask your questions to the teacher.
2 º and 3 º CLASS
• Get together with a partner (partners), complete the assessment activity guide that will deliver the teacher.

• You must bring to class the following materials
1. 2 packages or small packages of products totally different example, a detergent and a food or medicine or brackets.

2.

scissors 3. glue, scocht

4. colored pencils, graphite

5. magazines (you, things, faces, now. Women, seventeen etc.) where ads appear, does not serve the product catalogs or magazines stores.

• CAN NOT TAKE THE GUIDANCE OF A CLASS TO ANOTHER, YOU MUST BE SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR, it will deliver it into the second class to the finish.

My Dog Is Dragging His Back Legs

TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF A TECHNOLOGICAL PURPOSE BUSINESS PLAN

To make a good design, it is necessary to follow a procedure given by the characteristics and functions of an objet o.

understand the different uses for functions that can provide the object, and features the qualities you may have.

The function of the object changes as the user's perspective and may even have more than one function.

is important to consider that an object does not always fulfill a unique function, but may serve several, one which is preferred for the context in which it is. Example

objects whose function changes depending on the user:

range

study found similar products on the market

This phase of work is the study of similar products are present in the market, which involves looking at its and functions use.
As part of the design process of an object, you need to know and consider as "models", similar objects on the market, with analysis of them finished.

Under certain points of view as

• Specifications • Aesthetics



• Quality
ecological contribution

• • Your price


• Material



• Functionality • Ergonomics
Sample comparison of two objects that exist in the market made by another group:
Develop possible solutions to your specifications
The technical specifications are a set of characteristics and qualities that presents an object that determines its operation so that the user needs to know to make good use of object technology. For example a vacuum
brings a manual for use in
include technical specifications for connection to the grid of our house such as cleaning, caring for, care in use, such as saving, and more.

The technical specifications of an object are determined after meeting user requirements. These will influence the design, as a way to specify the characteristics that should include our object when constructed.
Another point to consider: are taken into account the principles of object technology to design clear, these are: • Aesthetic





• Ergonomics • Safety • Ecological


functionality

• What else includes technological design of an object?

The design must include a graphic representation of the object, ie a format with a picture that represents a reliable and accurate, for it is carried out a series of rules to draw, this is known as technical drawing. (What we have been working all year classes) Learn to choose materials

When referring to material that makes use of man, we must mention the
qualities that make a material more suitable than another, and to differentiate them. It is necessary always to have a concept of each material, for use at the time of choosing one for a particular purpose.
In many cases you had a solid material in your hands, and I have wondered what this material has special properties to build this object?.


Activity 1: Investigate the mechanical properties of materials


Unit: TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF AN OBJECT

At this stage of technological object the sequence of activities to reach the project he is
Planning is a process that is characterized by the interdependence of each of its components or stages.
In the production of a technological object are involved various stages, which have a close relationship with each other, depend on each other. In planning the production of this item includes the following steps:

1. Description of tasks involved in production.

2. Organization of work.

3. Calculating production costs.

4. Determination procedures.

operations can defined as a task management of production, ie properly arranged in each stage of production so as to provide a better way of goods or products that are built.
Identification of materials, components and instruments in the context of the project

order to work effectively in the development of an object, you must have a good
knowledge of the properties of the materials to be used.
The use of materials also involves knowing manipulation, these are:

• Know how to cut, fold or glue.

• What techniques are most appropriate to use different materials.

• What are the possible combinations between them.
Each of the materials used, by its nature, involves the use of specific tools.

• Know the safety rules that work proceed in the most appropriate guarding the integrity of the people doing the work and those around them. 3 areas are considered important as cleanliness and order of space, use of tools such as wearing gloves etc. and lens material handling.

Activity: Research tools (name, function and usage) are used to working with different types of wood.
Each time we make a plan operations, we must take into account where we will draw the materials and tools or machinery, if necessary.

Prior to the completion of work there is to know what you want to build, then you have to design it and find the most appropriate materials and tools, we must also bear in mind how much money they should have. Only then one can make a list of construction tasks.

After coordinating the times of each task in the production should address some important issues that we need to know about the production of our object. These are:
• Know and determine if we have the capacity to carry out the object.

• Know and to evaluate the task falls to the suppliers of materials and tools
.
• Know and identify all those needs that people have
responsible for developing the project.
• Have knowledge of management of time it takes for each task in the process, in terms of: start time and end time.
production costing.
Now should you make that project budgets are going to do, that is, they must anticipate the costs of materials, workmanship costs and other expenses demanded by the social construction of technology, such as electricity, wear tools, papers, envelopes, transport, sometimes renting a room tax, etc.. Table


budget

EXECUTION OF THE PRODUCTION OF TECHNOLOGICAL OBJECT

Learning the organization of jobs

The organization of the workplace is the setting of major operations within the process of implementing the technological object.
consists of several tasks, which must be positioned so that avoid spending time and energy between a job and another. For example, if a job comes from sticking a piece and the next as the embedding, these positions should be very close, because otherwise the piece would not be glued in good condition.
In general, jobs are divided into groups with tasks ordered and sequential.

diagram What is the process?

is an outline detailing the tasks in sequential order and the movements to be performed during operation, for a technological object.

The process diagram is very useful for planning the construction of a technological object and know how much to delay the execution itself.
Development of a schedule Gantt (Gantt chart)
To develop a schedule is necessary to have a list of tasks sorted and know the approximate time it takes each of them. With all that is necessary to set the time for different tasks can be days, weeks or months.

Example of a Gantt chart of a process of producing a decorated cardboard box

Activity:

According to the request of the teacher designs and constructs an object using this If wood as main material, and applying all previous stages in the development of a project.

Then your schedule for the preparation of the report of the design and production units


Guideline 1. Home

2. Problem: drafting of the problem, the need to generate, identify the type of user.

3. Technological solution and justification: write the solution describing the object and why I chose also to mention the technological principles (ergonomics, aesthetics, environmental safety)

4. Object Design: draw the sketch with color, isometric views and do not forget the corresponding dimensions.
5. Production:
identify


• Materials • Tools

• Safety (what actions should be taken into account in handling the materials and tools)

6.

• Budget Planning: Using the example table
guide
• Gantt Chart

What Rear End Gears Should I Put On My Truck...

What is a Business Plan?

(Doc # 1)


A Business Plan is a document containing all information necessary to evaluate a business and it can be implemented. It is used for the project is approved by superiors within the organization to attract an investor, to encourage a potential partner or to get a license or franchise of a local or foreign company, among other objectives. In short, it is essential to seek funding, partners or investors, and serves as a guide for those who are in charge of the company.

In developing the business plan assesses their feasibility (the approval of a project is the result of a selling idea that proves to be feasible, seek alternatives and suggests courses of action to guide its implementation. The time making the development of a Business Plan depends the magnitude of the project, ie can take several days to several months.

A Business Plan is not the mere drafting of a document but should have a logical structure. It is important to note that while the financial and economic aspects are essential, a business plan should not be limited to numbers. Quantitative information should be grounded in policy proposals, business, operations and human resources. A business plan shows all possible scenarios and the variables involved in order to make a comprehensive analysis. Images can be very good, but if there is no way to transform them into reality can be forgotten. Before you start put together a business plan is necessary to have a very clear idea.

The development plan is not a linear process, ie each point should be checked prior to each advance is made. It is advisable to work with documents that can be modified and adding the information. The points should be related. The time invested in developing a business plan will save time and avoid problems later.



To begin working in the Business Plan is necessary to collect all information necessary to detect missing and find ways to get it. In preparing it must be clear what the objective pursued by the Plan Business, this allows to consider the information that is relevant for those who analyze it.



The primary value of your business plan is the creation of a written plan to evaluate all aspects of the economic viability of your business venture including a description and analysis of your business prospects.

is broken down into twelve important aspects to consider when starting a business, your business plan you can follow this same format.

The business plan is an essential step for any prudent entrepreneur to take, regardless of the size of the business.

Business plans can vary considerably. Libraries and bookstores have books devoted to business plan formats. However, what is proposed is a starting point. You can rely on him to design a plan that's right for your particular business.

Be aware that employers are reluctant to write their business plan. Therefore, we strongly recommend that you complete each segment of the plan as a progressive manner. It will make it easier to plan business model for products and services.

Why should develop a business plan?

Your business plan will be useful in several ways. We give some reasons why should not overlook this valuable tool.

• First, define and focus your objective using appropriate information and analysis.

• Can be used as a selling tool in dealing with important relationships including your lenders, investors and banks.

• You can use the plan to solicit opinions and advice from other people, including those that operate in the commercial field that interests you, who will provide invaluable advice. Too often, entrepreneurs forge "My Way!" Without benefit of input from experts, they could save a lot of wear. "My Way" is a great song, but in practice can result in unnecessary complications.

• Your business plan can uncover omissions and / or weaknesses in their planning process.

What to avoid in your business plan. Limit its future projections, the long term. (Long term means more than a year.) It is better to set short-term objectives and modify the plan as your business progresses. Often the long-term planning becomes meaningless because the reality of his business, which may be different from your initial concept. Avoid

optimism. To do this, be extremely conservative in predicting capital requirements, timelines, sales and utilities. Few business plans correctly anticipate how much money and time will be required.

Do not forget to determine what are their strategies in the event of business adversities.

Use simple language to explain the problems. Elabórelo so easy to read and understand.

not rely entirely on the uniqueness of your business or even a patented invention. Success comes to those who start businesses with great economics and not necessarily great inventions.

Business Plan Format: a systematic evaluation of all factors essential to the purposes and objectives of your business

Here are some suggested topics you can tailor your plan:

• Vision Statement: It is a concise outline of the aims and objectives of your business.

• People: undoubtedly, the most important ingredient for success is yourself. Focus on how you apply your previous experience to his new business. Prepare a resume of his and every person involved in starting the business. Be factual and avoid hype. This part of your business plan will be read very carefully by those who will interact with you, including lenders, investors and suppliers.

however, can not pretend to be someone who is not. If you do not have the ability to perform a key role, include this information in its business plan. For example, if you lack the ability to train staff, explain how to compensate for this deficiency. You can add a partner to your plan or plan to hire key people who possess the skills that you have not.

• Your business profile: Define and describe the business you have in mind and how it intends to do exactly. Try to stay focused on the specialized market you intend to serve.

• Economic assessment: Provide a complete assessment of the economic environment in which your business. Explain how your business will be appropriate for regulatory agencies and the population we treat. If applicable, provide demographic studies and traffic flow data normally available commercial in local planning departments. • Test

cash flow, including cash flow a year that will incorporate your capital requirements. Include an assessment of what might go wrong and how to handle problems.

• Include your marketing plan and expansion.

AUTO TRAINING MODULE NM2

EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS PLAN OBJECTIVES

:
ENCOURAGE AND AN ATTITUDE OF AUTOEMPRENDIMIENTO FOMETAR ACROSS THE BASIC TOOLS TO CREATE A BUSINESS PLAN FEASIBLE.


Methodology: group (maximum 4 people)

General

1. Carefully follow the instructions for each activity to build your log report which will then be evaluated.

2. Each activity is planned for classes, it is your responsibility to comply so as not to be late.

3. You make a tidy log report, good spelling and grammar and neat. You can use leaves office or blocky, not to mention their respective folder.

4. Each item of the activities must be clearly identified is not necessary to rewrite the instructions in your blog only the title of the item.

5. Always remember that every member of your group have the drafts of the work done in class.


GUIDELINE REPORT LOG
1. HOME (NAME PROJECT MEMBERS COURSE)

2. DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY 1

3. DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY 2

4. CONCLUSION


ACTIVITY 1
DATE ... ... ... ... ... ..


Lee, analyzes the contents guide attached "THAT IS A BUSINESS PLAN" and answer the following questions.

1. What are the objectives of a business plan?

2. Why is it important for an entrepreneur or company to develop a business plan?

3. Name the considerations to take into account in developing a business plan

4. Why are they important each of the considerations listed above in developing the plan? ACTIVITY 2





IMPLEMENTATION OF A BUSINESS PLAN


Think of an activity that can generate profit in summer and develop the business plan accordingly.

To develop this plan is very important to investigate in the week all about your business, product values, costs, permits, powers, etc.



BUSINESS PLAN GUIDELINE I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS


Explain in general, undertake business planning, emphasizing their goals and risk

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....


II. PRODUCT OR SERVICE


describe in detail the product or service you sell, citing the opportunity they have displayed in the environment.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
III. CUSTOMERS

describe the characteristics of their clients, such as who are they? How much, where are you? Why represent an opportunity? What other market surveys are done?

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
IV. COMPETITION

Describe the alternative products or services with which you compete, comparative advantages and disadvantages mentioned either in price, quality, delivery, payment etc.



... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....

following items for the 2 study guide accompanying the 2 nd "BASICS OF COST"


V. PRICES AND COSTS

Develop a list of fixed costs if they had and a list of variable costs, expenses in your business.

fixed costs (monthly)

VI. SALES PROJECTION


Make a projection sales in dollars, considering the number of products or services they plan to sell weekly and decided to fix the price for them, taking into account cost and productivity gains.


Use the following table (a table for each product of equal value)

This is just an example that will help

Note: You must consider that not every day you will have the same projections of sales, for example if you sell ice cream on the beach, of course weekends will sell more than a week for the influx of the public. Remember if you are 5 different products should be selling value to 5 frames.

VII. METHOD OF MARKETING

describe as for the public will become aware of the product you have for sale, that way will show that your company an opportunity for its customers.

Promotion and marketing channels.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
VIII. PRODUCTION


describe the method of producing your product if applicable.

Detail as appropriate, materials, sources of supply, production processes, equipment, etc..

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..



IX. PROJECTION OF RESULTS Using the values \u200b\u200b

selling point VI and the estimated costs of Section V to determine their projected results MONTHLY.

Eye: The sales forecast should be multiplied by 4 weeks in the month.

unit variable costs are multiplied by equal monthly units of all products or services sold in the month.



a) Total fixed costs $

b) Total variable costs $

c) Total costs (a + b) $



d) Total sales (projected) $

projected results (dc) $









CONCLUSION



Scans results. This figure is key to reassess the business.

be a good business? worth the risk? Etc.



CONCLUDE THAT IF YOUR TEST IS SUCCESSFUL, THEN WAIT,,, PRACTICE EXPERIENCE .... QUIZAZ AS SOME OF YOU ARE REAL AND MEN OR WOMEN IN BUSINESS, ENTREPRENEURIAL (ES).

KNOW ALL IN GOOD PLAN, FOR THAT Leaks. CONTENTS GUIDE
TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION NM2

BASICS OF COST

(doc # 2)

Cost is the sacrifice, or economic effort must be made to achieve a goal. The cost is fundamentally an economic concept that influences the outcome of the company

The objectives are those operating type, for example, pay the salaries of production staff, purchase materials, product manufacture, sell, provide a service to obtain funds for financing, managing the company, etc.

Classification of costs: there are several classification criteria thereof. We will focus on that which classifies them according to their comportamientoo variability.

This classification is important for planning studies and operational control. Is linked to variations in costs or not, depending on activity levels.

a. Fixed costs are those costs

the amount remains constant, independent of the level of business activity. Can be identified and termed as costs of "keeping the company open" so as to make or not production, is sold or not the goods or service, such costs should be borne equally by the company. For example:

1.
Rentals
2. Amortizaciones o depreciaciones

3. Seguros

4. Impuestos fijos

5. Servicios Públicos (Luz, TE., Gas, etc.)

6. Sueldo y cargas sociales de encargados, supervisores, gerentes, etc.


a. Costos Variables

Son aquellos costos que varían en forma proporcional, de acuerdo al nivel de producción o actividad de la empresa. Son los costos por "producir" o "vender". Por ejemplo:

 Mano de obra directa (a destajo, por producción o por tanto).

 Materias Primas directas.

 Materiales e Insumos directos.

 Impuestos específicos. 

Packaging and labels. 

sales commissions.

costing.

TOTAL COST = FIXED COST + VARIABLE COST

COMOPONE HOW THE UNIT COST OF EACH PRODUCT?


As the total cost, the unit cost of each product is made by the unit variable cost and fixed cost per unit.

unit variable cost is determined by dividing the total variable cost by the number of units produced ..

unit fixed cost is determined, as long as the company to produce the same product type, by dividing the total fixed cost by the number of units produced. EXAMPLES

: Unit cost of caramels


If you sell caramels
Cost
variable = value bag of caramels 300unidades ($ 850) and mobilization ($ 700) to spend on just go buy the bag of caramels.
(850 + 700) ÷ 300 = 5.1
Therefore the unit cost of toffee would be: $ 5.1
IN THIS CASE THERE IS ONLY VARIABLE COST

must also consider costs may be incurred to sell transfers the product because the idea that profits are free. Unit cost of bracelets
personally made
variable = value cost of materials.
Example if you buy a skein of thread and reaches up to 20 bracelets total value is divided Thread of the 20 bracelets.
If the bracelet has beads, just as it should calculate the value of each bead depending on how you have acquired, whether packet or per unit.
obvious that when you produce your own products is cheaper to buy in bulk to the product cost is lower. ¬¬¬¬¬

SALE PRICE The selling price is the value of the goods or services sold to customers.
The determination of this value is one of the most important strategic decisions and that price is one of the elements that consumers have in mind when buying what they need.
The customer is willing to pay for goods and services, which it considers a "fair" price, ie one that is equivalent to the level of satisfaction of their needs or desires to purchase such goods or services.
In addition, the company hoped, through price, to cover costs and earn ganancias.En price determination, we must take into account the business objectives and customer expectations. The profit or utility
determined by each company that can be from 25% has more than 100%, always taking into account the competition.

The sale price is equal to the total product cost plus profit.

Price = Unit Cost + Total Income

Throat Cancer Breakthroughs

WITCH POT, SAVINGS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The pot or "Kitchen witch" is a thermally insulated box that saves energy in preparing our food. This method is to use very old and is simply to exploit the latent heat of boiling water once, to finish cooking. In this way the cooking of food continues, without adding energy (gas, kerosene, firewood, etc).


In Chile, has been in the field where reputation has endured over the use of the kitchen witch. However, in times of energy crisis and climate change are increasingly environmentally conscious people who follow this practice.



HOW IT WORKS



The ancients called "witch", because they thought that the food is cooked without fire was "magical." However, understanding the process we will see which is pure applied physics.

First, we know that cooking food produces approximately 80 to 100 º C of temperature of the liquid that contains, or is the more you prolong this period of time without the intervention of a flame or heat , most likely is cooking the food.

have to keep the pot loses heat. Succeed in isolating the pot properly maintain its temperature for several minutes even remove from heat.


How to build a pot
witch





1. looking for a large cardboard box

2. Short pieces of Styrofoam to line the inner walls of the box

3. lining each piece of Styrofoam with foil

4. glue the Styrofoam lined the walls of the box inside

5. stuffs a piece of Styrofoam to serve as the box cover and make it as airtight as possible.

6. at the bottom of the box placed two wooden listoncitos you will support your hot pot.

7. You can beautify your cool box (witch pot) on the outside.

Testing witch pot


After boil the pan in the kitchen for 3 to 4 minutes, placed in the box, cover and continue simmering food longer without wasting energy. From the table we can get the approximate time that require different types of food to finish cooking.

Alicia Rutter London Ontario

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Surely you've heard about it, but what is really, buying new light bulbs, turning off lights, do not use electrical appliances, living with less light? Let's see what it means.


Due to the impacts of climate has generated global Earth, the concept of energy efficiency today is a big stage to perform. It is important that we know what it is and how to apply energy efficiency in our lives.

The National Energy Efficiency Program (PPEE), an organization that belongs to the National Energy Commission defined this concept as:



"set of actions to optimize the relationship between the amount of energy consumed and the products and final services obtained. This can be achieved through the implementation of various measures and investments in technology, management and cultural habits in the community.

measurement technology investment refers to purchasing new technologies to improve production processes or design and manufacture products that use less energy, such as refrigerators, fans, bulbs and other products currently available in the market.


management
The measure is related to resource management, such as the Public Buildings Programme being implemented in our country. It consists of a series of measures to identify which is the energy consumption per square meter and number of staff.



The measure cultural habits is equally important because through it we can adopt behaviors that help make efficient consumption in our homes, schools, workplace, etc.





TIPS TO IMPLEMENT ENERGY EFFICIENCY USED





Food processing is a daily energy demand in homes, often marked by energy waste.



try to use pressure cookers, because with them you can achieve higher temperatures, reducing cooking time by up to 50%.

Boil water in a kettle, it is more efficient than heating in the kitchen and then saves the hot water in a thermos.





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The increased use of household appliances such as washing and drying clothes, has led to greater energy demand, that is, increased pressure on natural resources.



When using the washing machine with full loads and do not select high wash temperatures, with 90% of the energy consumed by the washer is used to heat the water. Do not use programs longer than necessary and used only for pre-wash heavily soiled clothes. REDUCE





Between 1997 and 2007 were imported to Chile more than 240 thousand units air conditioners, which require significant energy consumption in the summer. In an area of \u200b\u200b20 square meters, air conditioning consumes about 1000 watts per hour of operation.



Reduce the operating hours of equipment. Country Energy Efficiency Program estimates that if these 240 000 teams reduced their use for 3 hours daily for 60 days, could generate savings of 43.2 GWh and would be reduced by 18 000 tonnes the quantity of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere.





SAVE

not only industries but also the high energy consumption in homes have a responsibility the global warming.

Save energy. Replace a compact fluorescent bulb prevents 68 kg of carbon dioxide a year per person. RECYCLE





an aluminum delay of 350 to 400 years to biodegrade and their production involves air pollution with sulfur dioxide that cause acid rain.



Recycle cans, get recycled aluminum reduces pollution and contributes to lower power usage compared to the processing of virgin materials. Recycling one aluminum can saves the energy needed to keep a television on during 3 hours. CONSIDER





electrical appliances in the kitchen modern life much easier, but if not used properly can become a source of wasted energy.



Consider the following aspects of energy efficiency in your refrigerator: do not buy a larger than necessary, it will consume more than the right thing, keep it at 5 ° C and -18 º C, keep the door open for the shortest possible time and check the rubber seal that, changing them if damaged. CONSIDER





A house can become a permanent source of environmental impacts if their design does not provide this variable.

If you are building, consider the bioclimatic design, which is guiding the windows and distributing space taking into account the terrain, the path of the sun and drafts. A well designed, can reduce heating bills by 75%. SEPARATES





Throw junk unauthorized places disfigures the landscape and environmental wasted opportunity, because if instead is sent to recycling, are reduced by 71% the emissions of air pollutants and 56% water, and energy savings of 52%. Separate

scrap of garbage and remitting recyclable material collectors in your district.

energy demand in Chile is growing at around 5% per year, equivalent to a reservoir of 1,400 million m3 dedicated only to produce energy, a way to conserve water is to minimize the consumption of electricity: turn off lights and appliances appliances when you're not using, including energy efficiency criteria in your decision to buy and use efficient light bulbs that, while more expensive, last longer and spend less. SAVE





world's glaciers are receding due to global warming.

supports renewable energy development as opposed to those based on coal, natural gas and oil, and ensuring the efficient use of electrical appliances in the home.

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To discriminate between sources of conventional and unconventional energy is necessary to handle the following distinctions:

1. hydropower

Water is the element abundant on the planet and its potential energy (the movement can be converted to electricity) is one of the most important sources of energy.

However, before obtaining electricity, the man had used it for the tasks of grinding grain. This is based on the same principle: the water fall from a height to a lower level was converted into kinetic energy (energy an object possesses due to its motion).

Now the power of water is used mainly to generate electricity and in fact was one of the earliest forms were used to produce it.

To get electricity from water, must be transformed first of its kinetic energy into mechanical energy and this, of course, electricity.

This process usually takes place in a facility called hydroelectric power, which must have an area where water flow is sufficiently high and regular. The water coming from the tributaries is stored in reservoirs. Then transported to the turbines that convert the kinetic energy of water in mechanics (is the sum of kinetic and potential energy).


2.
wind
is that based on the movement of wind, but it is considered an indirect form of solar energy, as this is responsible for producing wind. This is because the uneven heating of the Earth's surface produces areas of high and low pressure which cause the displacement of air, which is what is known as wind.

Early uses of wind were push boats and mills. But now there is another use: production of electricity.

This is done by wind or wind turbines. These are devices that convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy as follows: the wind moves the blades, which, in turn, transmit their power to the turbines (on them, multiply 60 times the speed) by move the generators that produce electricity. This low for a few cables that are in the tower to a converter located near the turbine. The converter transforms the energy and sends it to the mains.

towers where the wind turbines are often located in places without barriers, ie, away from trees or buildings not to create turbulence in the air. It is currently being set off because the wind is higher.

worth noting that until now only occupy the horizontal winds and provided they are a moderate speed, ie not too strong

WIND TURBINE

This modern version of the windmill and not moving millstones, but generators. To remove the maximum amount of wind energy, huge rotating propellers were used up to 100 meters. The wind sensors allow the computer (PC) of the turbine control the movement of the propellers for optimum energy production, whatever the wind conditions.

Wind power has several advantages over other conventional energy sources, notes:


- is renewed continuously.

- is inexhaustible.

- It's clean, so it does not pollute.

- is native and universal (. exists throughout the world.)

- is becoming cheaper as technology advances.

- Allows development, respecting the environment.

- The facilities are readily reversible (non marking).

DISADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY:

-visual impact: the system generates a high landscape modification.

-Impact on birds: mainly by the collision of birds against the blades, unknown effects on behavior modification regular migration and nesting.

-Impact sound: the rustling of the blades with the air produces a constant noise, the nearest house must be at least 200 m. (43dB (A))

-Possibility of interesting archaeological area





3.

geothermal rocks found deep in the planet are at very high temperatures. The heat energy stored in these rocks is known as geothermal energy. Can be found in the form of steam (geysers), in the form of high temperature gases (fumaroles) and in the form of hot water (hot springs).

This energy can be of three types: low, medium and high temperature. The first is to use more domestic energy collected is used for heating and hot water production. Geothermal fluids are heated to temperatures between 20 and 60 º C.

In the second, fluids are at a temperature between 60 and 150 º C. And the third is located in active zones of the earth's crust and its temperature is between 150 and 350 º C. These two types of temperatures are used to produce electricity.

The process of transforming the geothermal energy into electrical energy is performed as follows:

- The geothermal fluid is transported to the surface through pipes and vapor (which comes with high pressure) drives the turbines.

- These spin at high speed by moving the generators that produce electricity.

- Then, the steam is sent to a condenser, where it becomes a liquid.

- This water flows into a cooling tower where the temperature is lowered. It then returns it to the ground and thus complete the cycle renewable energy.

can also engage in the geothermal heating, industrial drying processes, among others.

4. Biomass


Biomass is the amount of living matter produced in a particular area of \u200b\u200bthe land surface and energy biomass energy fuel is obtained directly or indirectly on these biological resources. This material can then be transformed into electricity, heat and biofuels (ethanol, diesel and gas). The main sources of biomass is:

- Forest residues: they have to do with pruning (branches, logs, etc..).

- Agricultural waste: used surplus cereal straw, fodder, waste from pruning vines, etc.

- livestock waste: mainly used for farm animal feces.

- industrial waste is organic waste from industrial processes such as waste wood.

- Energy crops: cultivated plants are only to be utilized as biomass into a biofuel.

The most used are sugar cane, some cereals (oats, wheat, barley and maize), sugar beet, sunflower, among others.







5. Tidal

The sea is without doubt one of the potential energy sources are larger than its length and because they can take advantage of tides and waves. However, has not yet been able to develop appropriate technology and low cost allowing better use your energy.

- Tidal power: this is the force of water flowing between the unevenness caused by the differences between high and low tide. As is known, the rise and fall of tides is caused by the gravitational action of Sun and Moon. The variation of high and low tide occurs in approximately 12 hours and can change the sea level between 2 and 15 meters or more. Thus, the ideal place to locate a plant is a tidal estuary or a bay, where sea water enters the coast. From there you should build a dam (wall artificial) to let in the water. When the tide rises, the floodgates are opened and water enters the reservoir. After it is fully loaded gates are closed. Then he let out the water that falls hard for the difference in height between the tide and the reservoir, moving the turbines connected to generators.

6. Solar energy





In our planetary system, the largest producer of energy that exists is the sun The amount of solar energy as radiation reaches our planet, is equivalent to about 35 million times! the energy they produce all the power plants of Chile.

solar radiation, of course, gives us light and heat energy. You can also transform into electricity. In addition, radiation is essential for the plants (through photosynthesis) to gain energy and live. Plants are the base of the food chain on earth (including oceans, of course), providing energy to the animal kingdom. Oil, gas and coal are the product of the decomposition of the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years. Some plant resources are also utilized as biomass energy (firewood, charcoal).

And there's more! Generates solar energy water evaporation from the seas, which precipitates in lakes and rivers, which will be utilized in the generation of hydroelectricity. By heating some areas more than others, the Sun produces differences in the "weight" of air masses, wind generating systems on the planet: wind energy.

In today's society, we use the energy the sun gives us a variety of ways. The direct radiation serves to dry (clothes, fruits), heating and cooking.

solar radiation is also used to generate electricity. Some solar power plants use solar radiation to heat water into steam, the steam moves a turbine connected to a generator that converts motion into electricity.

Sunlight can also transform directly electricity using photovoltaic cells and panels. These cells were developed in the 1950's, for use by satellites. They are made from silicon. Several

photovoltaic cells connected in series forming a photovoltaic panel. The energy generated by these panels can be used to power homes, electric cars or businesses. The cells are also used individually for small machines such as calculators.



SOLAR COLLECTOR

by hot water Energy

These facilities are composed of panels that absorb the sun's heat. The process is simple: the collector, usually flat, transforms heat into thermal energy through the "greenhouse effect." The heat is stored to maintain high temperature water to be used when necessary. It is important that the storage tank has sufficient capacity to meet the needs of one or two days, also depend on the number of users of the same.

These systems have many applications: obtaining hot water, pool heating, which we enjoy long baths during most of the year, heating, cooling and therefore to obtain cold source is needed heat applications in agriculture, as greenhouses and drying, and industry, such as desalination plants and pollution that do not involve

Solar photovoltaics

The photovoltaic solar energy a way of obtaining electrical energy through photovoltaic panels.

panels, photovoltaic modules or collectors are composed of diode-type semiconductor devices, on receipt of solar radiation, are excited and produce electronic jumps, generating a small potential difference across its ends. The coupling in series of several of these photodiodes allows obtaining higher voltages in very simple configurations and suitable for powering small electronic devices.

a larger scale, continuous electrical power provided by photovoltaic panels can be transformed into alternating current and injected into the network, an operation that is economically viable but it still needs more viable grants. In isolated environments, which requires little electrical power and network access is difficult, as weather stations or communications repeaters, solar panels are used as

economically viable alternative. In a photovoltaic cell, light excites electrons between layers silicon semiconductor materials. This produces electrical currents.

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Guide 8 th grade technology education

Unit "production processes"

PRODUCT Product is a technological object

tangible, that is, we can touch. There
medical, nutritional, educational, housing, security, among many others ...
clocks, radios, televisions, cakes, bottled milk, cd rom, crayons, notebooks, printers, books, locks, clips, diaries, canned fruits, among many other items sold are examples of products. Operators

mechanical, electrical, technical form products. Each has a specific function within the product so that the object satisfies the need for which was done.

Different people involved in creating them. Many trades and occupations of the most diverse natures are concerned to give life to a product, from conception, design, manufacture, and distribution to their control.

A product is a system because each of the parts that are interrelated and meet a particular task.

A product is part of a space and time and is done for a purpose related to the historical period, the user and place.

Each product is manufactured involves the use and / or the creation of an associated service.

For example:

When the computer was created, there were no technical services for them, but today they are very necessary, especially when a virus gets into our computer.

All products are manufactured today got their start in the creation of the first tools and utensils Paleolithic times that were invented to meet basic needs. Over time they appeared millions of other products that meet needs.

technological objects will exist as long as humans live, because the world needs to produce for the millions of human beings can meet our needs.

Things to consider when produce is not damaged more than what we have damaged our planet.

remember what a service ...



SERVICE Service is a set of elements and people that are related to satisfy a need.
generally provides a service through an organization or company.

We are surrounded by services from birth: When our mother is going to consult the gynecologist, the hospital where we were born, the church where we were baptized, the Civil Registry where we registered and identified as persons, nursery, school ... and many more ...

Restaurants, bakeries, banks, clinics, nursing homes, shoe repair, technical services, the Internet, a publishing, cinema, theater, amusement park, a cemetery, carpentry services, an auto insurer are examples of services.

live through a series of utilities such as water, electricity, gas, telephone.

Today people have added more services to his life as security in homes and cars, cable tv, Internet takeout ... Intangibles

Services say they are because they can play in its entirety. For example you may touch a table in a university or a wall or one of the people who work there, but not the actions taken or to everything that is college.

Each of us has been part of a service (or will). It can also be operator of one.

If we are analyzing, every person who works gives a service and receiving services.
identified many areas of business: Entertainment, Education, Health, Housing, Shopping, Security, Food, Finance, Culture, Charity,

Labour Health, Communication, Transportation ...

Objects, energy and people are required for its creation and operation.

are also systems for all these components must interact properly fulfill each with a specific task at the right time.

For example: in a restaurant as a cook, the waiters serve the cashier receiving the money and singer livens up the meal.





SYSTEM "Set of elements and / or people who are in dynamic one another in a given space and time, fulfilling a specific function to achieve a group goal."

Many types of systems in all areas that we know:

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM SOLAR SYSTEM

ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM


HYDRAULIC SYSTEM COMPUTER SYSTEM SOCIAL



FINANCIAL SYSTEM We shall concentrate on technological systems.

a technological system may be a product, service or set of organizations that produce services or products.
look at these examples.
PRODUCT AS A SYSTEM: A personal computer.

A computer has many parts. Each party plays a particular role to satisfy the need to process and organize information. Has units of input and output processing of information.

Unit Entry provides data to the computer, the microprocessor (CPU) processes information, organizes and performs the memory stores data and instructions, the program informs the processing unit how to do various tasks and monitor the screen shows the results. Peripherals are added to get another type of input or output of information.


SERVICE SYSTEM AS

A service is also a system, all people, objects and energy technology used is intended to meet the need of a user and everything is dynamically linked to make this happen. Take the example of a restaurant.

ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM WITH RELATED ORGANIZATIONS

TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES

a technological process is a set of steps involving a transformation of energy resources, raw materials and / or materials in a product. Not only relates to the creation of products or services, but also maintaining them or modification of some components. People participate in this technological process to devise or execute any intellectual task technique to perform this process.


All Tasks should be conducted in an organized way, with planning tools and machines to use, for activities based on the time and the number of people participating in the process, depending on the scope to take the project.

exist in any technological process INPUT - PROCESSING - OUTPUT.

Every technological system requires a technological process to create or implement.



Let's look the following example: Suppose we make backpacks.

PLANNING Stage of a project in which we must organize all the elements and people involved in the process technology to manufacture a product or to implement a service. Also ordered tasks or activities to be carried out with time and calculated the costs of production.




Budget: is a tool to determine the total cost of production of a product, for starters we can use the following Metal framed table
ITEM --- --- TOTAL $ UNIT ----$

Gantt Charter:


• Also known as schedule, the Gantt chart allows us to visualize the activities, their sequence and time required to satisfy each one of them.



• A tool that helps planning. Guides us, directs and is our "road map" for the fulfillment of tasks. However, it must be flexible. For this we suggest you consider the extra time for each activity, so that planning can be amended in the event of any unforeseen.

· We will use the following format that is easy to perform

activities and / or actions ----- ---- Responsible Time (dates , hours, weeks, etc)